The Improved Performance of Current Microprocessors Brings with It Increasingly Complex and Power-dissipating Issue Logic. Recent Proposals Introduce a Range of Mechanisms for Tackling

Current microprocessors are designed to execute instructions in parallel and out of order. In general, superscalar processors fetch instructions in order. After the branch prediction logic determines whether a branch is taken (or not) and its target address, the processor decodes the instructions and renames the register operands, removing name dependences introduced by the compiler. Because processors generally have more physical than logical registers, multiple instructions with the same logical destination can be in flight simultaneously. The renamed instructions then go into the issue queue where they wait until their operands are ready and their required resources are available. At the same time, instructions go into the reorder buffer, where they remain until they commit their results. When an instruction executes, the wakeup logic notifies dependent instructions that the corresponding operand is available. Finally, instructions commit their results in program order. This article focuses on the design of the logic that stores the instructions waiting for execution, as well as the logic associated with identifying whether operands are ready and selecting the instructions that start execution every cycle. All these components are part of the issue logic. Issue logic is one of the most complex parts of superscalar processors, one of the largest consumers of energy, and one of the main sites of power density. Its design is therefore critical for performance. Researchers have used a variety of schemes to implement the issue queue. In particular, several recent proposals have attempted to reduce the issue logic’s complexity and power. To the best of our knowledge, this article is the first attempt to perform a comprehensive and thorough survey of the issue logic design space.